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leaves compared to the understory. Since F. syl- vatica is a shade-tolerant tree species, higher leaf nitrogen concentration in lower light envi- ronment is a strategy of nitrogen partitioning for more efficient [...] higher leaf carbon content and CN ratio than in the understory. This pattern is linked to increasing light conditions [41]. There is a strong relationship between light and leaf quality that determines herbivory [...] conditions is supported. Since light and temperature are generally expected to be strongly correlated, direct effects of light and temperature on herbivory are likely to be confounded [29]. Light is certainly

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mediated by interactions between organisms. The plant community composition is influenced by competitive interactions among plants, which is affected by herbivore species. Leaf area loss to insects can reduce [...] increased on adult compared to juvenile trees. The distribution of galls is strongly linked to the theory of harsh environment, which is based on top-down control through predation. Further impact on arthropod [...] , 2003). Leaf damage is variable between broadleaved temperate forest sites worldwide and ranges between 1–20% (Kozlov, 2008; Adams & Zhang, 2009; Schowalter, 2011). Herbivory is generally lower in temperate

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parasitoids [64] is higher in mature, compared to juvenile, trees. According to the hypothesis of harsh environment, herbivory of galls is higher in xeric, compared to mesic, habitats, which is explained by [...] question is the underlying cause behind the plant ontogenetic effect on preferences of arthropod herbivores for juvenile or adult F. sylvatica. The ontogenetic variation of leaf toughness [10,17] is linked [...] autotransform= TRUE) # calculation of NMDS with two dimensions; goodness of fit is indicated by the stress value; stress value 0.187 is determined with the category “usable” (stress value < 0.20) following the

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have Paul as their last name. But only for one of them there is a first name listed: Jacques.8 The other one, whose first name is missing, is described as “son of Jacques Paul”. In general, there seems [...] centre of the scale where there is a little hole to fit in the pivot of the axis. Its rear end is sitting in a hole on an angular part of the instrument that is connected to the scale with a slotted-head [...] something is wrong with this part, since as far as I can see, there is no need for the hook to be removed. De Saussure’s description also explains why in case of our object the vertical bar is flattened

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• Material Culture

der Zusammenhang von zwei Variablen untersucht werden kann, liegt preview K A P IT E L 6 . S T A T IS T IS C H E T E S T S 51 Tabelle 6.6: Einschätzung der Fairness in Bundesländern Bundesland j µ̂ (Y |X [...] Veranschaulichung genügt der Rückgriff auf lediglich 4 Items, welche als Indikatoren für Depression fun- gieren; d.h. Depression wird auf die Items als manifeste Variablen reduziert. Diese Reduktion erschöpft [...] hingegen eine Variable, die das Item aus dem PISA 2015 Lehrerfragebogen (OECD, 2015) mit der Frage „What is your cur- rent employment status as a teacher?“ abbildet (Employment status). Die ent- sprechende

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• Martin Förster

One result is that the societal transformation generated by Europeanization is assessed on the basis of methodological nationalism (Beck, Sznaider 2006). Moreover, societal transformation is examined only [...] te is a possibility that has hardly been addressed in current research on Europe. What weighs even more heavily than the lack of terms and categories and the issue of methodological nationalism is a problem [...] challenge of di- achronic comparisons is therefore relating societal processes and politi- cal developments to one another analytically, in order to ascertain what is unique about a specific Europeanization

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states’ emergence and development does not mean to suggest that there is or will be a European welfare state. It is not the result that is of inter- est here but the process. Simply, the strategic advantage [...] view EU social policy is a conglomerate of arduously negotiated and weak regulatory and coordinatory measures. In the conventional wisdom of the second strand EU-level social policy is mainly the result of [...] dimensions of EU social policy growth. Thus, it is important to specify what one has in mind when speaking of European social policy. For example there is a huge difference whether one speaks of the Europeani-

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electricity in 1 Ghana is now about 56%, however only about a fifth (20%) of this is in the rural areas. The situation is similar in the petroleum sector where almost all the consumption is in the urban areas [...] A, 2006). The reliance on biomass is a result of poverty. Biomass is the energy source for the poor. This is especially true for traditional biomass energy, which is often collected as “free” fuel (Reddy [...] except for kerosene which is estimated to be about 82% in the rural areas and used largely for lighting. The trend is similar for LPG where the penetration in the rural areas is less than 1%. For the traditional

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-9783987260735 https://www.versobooks.com/products/2620-the-future-is-degrowth https://www.versobooks.com/products/2620-the-future-is-degrowth https://www.ledizioni.it/prodotto/il-futuro-e-decrescita/ [...] 8/385779/The-Future-Is-Degrowth-A-Guide-to-a-World-Beyond?redirectedFrom=fulltext https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/msup/jsr/article-abstract/17/2/208/385779/The-Future-Is-Degrowth-A-Guide-to- [...] -the-future-is-degrowth-by-schmelzer-vetter-and-vansintjan-101675259336510.html https://blogs.law.columbia.edu/utopia1313/zartosht-ahlers-a-politics-of-sacrifice-a-review-of-the-future-is-degrowth/ https://www

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• Matthias Schmelzer

generally already available in laboratories using TXRF for elemental analysis; a special setup is not necessary. Hg is collected passively without the need of additional instrumentation. Approach: Quartz-carriers [...] from the contaminated sample is unaccounted for, possibly due to a different count of photons from the X-Ray tube and the relatively low Hg concentration. Cross-contamination is to be expected if samples [...] Storage at low temperatures is favorable to avoid Hg loss. In addition, the time between sampling and sample measurement should be limited. Individual storage of samples is advisable to avoid cross-co

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• 2017