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formulating the laws of partial pressures and multiple proportions. He also carried out numerous tests on gas absorption in liquids and thermal expansion of gases, and de- scribed the condition known as [...] mercury oxide that has a red colour, «common red precipitate of mercury» can be conducted. When the test tube is heated gas is produced and is collected in the cylinder by displacing the water the level

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• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass

was a common staple. After nine years of experimentation with animals, Eijkman needed some way to test his hypothesis with human cases. Since outbreaks of beriberi were preva- lent in prisons, he chose [...] animals, that they could induce the appearance of beriberi just by ex- posing an animal to it. They tested for the disease scientifically by observing tissue samples containing nerves under a microscope. [...] confusion during his experimentation with the chickens. • What else, if anything, could Eijkman do to test his bacterial theory? Episode 4: Rice is not just rice Eijkman had let it be known that he was not

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• Eijkman and Beri-Beri

facts The story Described here really happened. James Lind con- ducted the first controlled clinical test (medical research), and published his findings in 1753 (A Treatise of the Scurvy - The Treaty of scurvy)

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• Lind and scurvy

inhaled air is changed by combustion during physical work. He de- vised an experimental setup where a test person would inhale atmospheric air by means of a full-face mask during the measurements. This mask [...] from species to species but is, more or less, a personal value of the animal (or human) who is being tested. Nutrition for Prevention of Deficiency Diseases One of the oldest diseases known to seafarers is [...] documented symptoms. He divided the patients into six pairs and gave them each a specific diet in order to test the effects of nutrition and also of hygiene. After 14 days, Lind was able to conclude that the only

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• Lind and scurvy

the engine would best be used in tropical regions, where we should go to test the device in practical situations.” A logical testing location for Augustin was Al- geria, a French colony in the tropics, conquered [...] sail for Algeria—financed by a huge government grant of 10,000 francs. In Algeria, he invented and tested many ver- sions of his solar energy devices for many different useful purposes. Perfecting his solar

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• Mouchot and the solar cooker

Thompson’s first experiment involved testing dif- ferent types of material to determine how well they conduct heat. To do so, he placed the material he wished to test around a hollow, metal cylindrical con- [...] work- house. Using low-cost ingredients, such as potatoes and barley, he began a long series of tests with farm animals to see which combinations of ingredients kept the ani- mals healthiest with the

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• Rumford and nutrition
• Rumford and calorics

Thompson’s first experiment involved testing dif- ferent types of material to determine how well they conduct heat. To do so, he placed the material he wished to test around a hollow, metal cylindrical con- [...] work- house. Using low-cost ingredients, such as potatoes and barley, he began a long series of tests with farm animals to see which combinations of ingredients kept the ani- mals healthiest with the

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• Rumford and calorics

formulating the laws of partial pressures and multiple proportions. He also carried out numerous tests on gas absorption in liquids and thermal expansion of gases, and de- scribed the condition known as

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• Dalton and the atoms

formulating the laws of partial pressures and multiple proportions. He also carried out numerous tests on gas absorption in liquids and thermal expansion of gases, and de- scribed the condition known as

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• Dalton and the atoms
• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass

g. the German language test for university entrance (DSH), which can only be taken in Germany. You can also prove your command of German before coming to Germany by taking a TestDaF exam or obtaining a [...] takes the form of either a “Rigorosum” or a “Dispu- tation”. The difference is that a “Rigorosum” tests you not only on the subject of your thesis, but also on your knowledge of other relevant aspects of [...] (fast-track programmes). Depending on the federal state and the doctoral degree regulations, an aptitude test or proof of specific academic achieve- ments or exam grades may be additionally required. In other

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• Doctoral and Early-Career Researchers