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central role of the sustainability strategy of sufficiency. It is becoming increasingly important when testing new approaches for equitable and future-proof solutions. Sufficiency strategies rely not solely on

development of the subject-specific labour supply (e.g. doctors in rural areas) is then modelled using tested counterfactual distribution analyses (Cunha et al. 2006; Erikson et al. 2005; Jaeger/Karlsson 2018)

and democratic stability. Across Europe, debates have intensified as hate speech and polarization test the limits of lawful expression. Powerful tech companies increasingly shape public discourse through

program accepts the following documents as proof of German language proficiency: C1 TestDaF TND Level 4 (level 4 in all test sections) Goethe Certificate C1 DSH 2 (≥67%): C1 DSD II: Level C1 TELC (telc Deutsch [...] by the Sprachen- und Dolmetscher-Institut München (Munich Language and Interpreting Institute) B2 TestDaF TND Level 4 Goethe Certificate B2 DSH 1 (≥57%): level B2 DSD 2: Level B2 TELC B2 The admissibility [...] skills by achievements in the general university entrance qualification or by recognized international tests Applicants with less than 210 CPs can gain admission to the degree program on the condition that they

skills by achievements in the general university entrance qualification or by recognized international tests Applicants with less than 210 CPs can gain admission to the degree program on the condition that they

selection procedure. The following certificates are recognised equally: C1: TestDaF TND level 4 (with level 4 in all sub-tests), Goethe-Zertifikat C1, DSH 2 (≥67%): Level C1, DSD II: Level C1, TELC "telc [...] Goethe-Institut "Deutsche Sprachprüfung II" of the Sprachen- und Dolmetscher-Institut München. B2: TestDaF TND Level 4, Goethe-Zertifikat B2, DSH 1 (≥57%): Level B2, DSD 2: Level B2 as well as TELC B2. [...] school certificates listed below. The following certificates or minimum results in recognized language tests are equally recognized as proof of French language proficiency: C1 DALF C1 UNIcert level III ALTE

examination sections. TestDaF (Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache), with a minimum passing grade of 4 for all examination sections. Deutsch/German section of the Studienkolleg assessment test German language diploma [...] program accepts the following documents as proof of German language proficiency: C1 TestDaF TND Level 4 (level 4 in all test sections) Goethe Certificate C1 DSH 2 (≥67%): C1 DSD II: Level C1 TELC (telc Deutsch [...] language proficiency: C1 TELC Level C1 TOEFL iBT - Internet-Based Testing: at least 94 points IELTS Academic (International English Language Testing System): Band Score at least 7.0 Cambridge English: Advanced

examination sections. TestDaF (Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache), with a minimum passing grade of 4 for all examination sections. Deutsch/German section of the Studienkolleg assessment test German language diploma [...] IELTS (International English Language Testing System): band score: 5.5 TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) IBT - Internet-Based Testing / iBT Home Edition: minimum score: 72 points (Score until [...] since 2026) ITP – Institutional Testing Program: minimum score: 543 points TOEIC (Test of English for International Communication): minimum score: 785 points Oxford Test of English Advanced : minimum score

registered and certified by the HRK) "Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache" - TestDaF at the level TDN-4 in all four partial test; "Prüfungsteil Deutsch" of the assessment test at a Studienkolleg German Language [...] examination sections. TestDaF (Test Deutsch als Fremdsprache), with a minimum passing grade of 4 for all examination sections. Deutsch/German section of the Studienkolleg assessment test German language diploma [...] IELTS / Academic (International English Language Testing System): band Score 6.5 OR TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language): Internet-Based Testing: minimum score 90 points Graduates of the bachelor's

recognised equally: C1: TELC Level C1, TOEFL iBT - Internet-Based Testing: at least 94 points, IELTS Academic (International English Language Testing System): Band Score at least 7.0 Cambridge English: Advanced [...] last two years), TELC Level B2, TOEFL iBT - Internet-Based Testing: at least 70 points, IELTS Academic (International English Language Testing System): Band Score 6.5 as well as Cambridge English: FCE (First [...] selection procedure. The following certificates are recognised equally: C1: TestDaF TND level 4 (with level 4 in all sub-tests), Goethe-Zertifikat C1, DSH 2 (≥67%): Level C1, DSD II: Level C1, TELC "telc