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measured the energy converted from food into heat and mechanical work (Rubner, 1902). Several other scientists worked on a theory of nutrition and work to enhance human performance in industry and the military [...] energy for their work in factories. After von Helmholtz’s publi- cation on the conservation of the “living force,” 11 it seemed obvious working men had to convert their food into mechanical work and that these [...] march on an empty stomach” illustrates the equilibrium between food consumption and work, but not, necessarily, the work typical for a soldier. Ancient sources written by Roman quartermasters around 100

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• Lind and scurvy

Netherlands. He was the seventh child of Christiaan Eijkman and Johanna Alida Pool. Christiaan’s father worked as a headmaster at the local school. When he was only a few years old, his family relo- cated to [...] chief medical officer to the island of Java in the Indies, accompanied by his new wife. There, he worked as an army surgeon for two years. Unfortu- nately, he contracted a severe case of malaria in 1885 [...] his recovery from malaria, Eijkman began studying a new field of medicine called bacteriology. He worked in Josef Forster's laboratory in Amsterdam and also in Robert Koch's bacteriological laboratory in

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• Eijkman and Beri-Beri

Rumford’s work with re- spect to energy conservation, the importance of Lavoisier's work lies not in the fact that his system can be seen as the accepted theory – and actually Rumford’s work did not change [...] became familiar with the work of Victor Regnault and Sadi Carnot. The latter had demon- strated that the work of a steam engine is depend- ing on the temperature difference, thus the work was not equivalent [...] responsi- ble for establishing his work, but also William Thomson, who later became Lord Kelvin. Yet, Joule himself did not start from scratch and par- ticularly referred to the work of Benjamin Thomp- son, Count

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• The hard work of experimenting James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.
• Mouchot and the solar cooker
• Rumford and calorics

watch a video with narration or listen to a story from your teacher about Augustin Mouchot and his work on the development of the solar ovens and the solar steam engines. Please write down the main points

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• Mouchot and the solar cooker

Rumford’s work with re- spect to energy conservation, the importance of Lavoisier's work lies not in the fact that his system can be seen as the accepted theory – and actually Rumford’s work did not change [...] became familiar with the work of Victor Regnault and Sadi Carnot. The latter had demon- strated that the work of a steam engine is depend- ing on the temperature difference, thus the work was not equivalent [...] responsi- ble for establishing his work, but also William Thomson, who later became Lord Kelvin. Yet, Joule himself did not start from scratch and par- ticularly referred to the work of Benjamin Thomp- son, Count

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• Mouchot and the solar cooker

make sure that the work was going efficient and that the quality of the weapons was as expected. When Thompson stood in the workshop, he immediately felt anger raise as most of the work- men stood around [...] for a tool to be prepared were not his idea of efficiency. Thus, he demanded that the workers should work with a blunt drill whilst the other one was still sharpened. Yet, they refused by arguing that the [...] Thomp-son felt that this issue deserves some more of his attention, so he mumbled to the workers ‘Work on, and be more efficient’ and went back to his carriage to go home, thinking about this problem.

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• Rumford and calorics

with a salaried position at the level of Lieutenant Colonel in the British army, which involved no work. He used his leisure time to pursue scientific experiments for the military. Over the next few years [...] cost-effective and nutritious soup to feed the mili- tary and the workers in the clothing-production work- house. Using low-cost ingredients, such as potatoes and barley, he began a long series of tests with [...] evident in every recipe, re- cording the cooking time, ingredient preparation, and utensils used. His work was some of the first in the sci- ence of nutrition, and Rumford Soup became famous throughout Europe

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• Rumford and nutrition
• Rumford and calorics

Rumford’s work with re- spect to energy conservation, the importance of Lavoisier's work lies not in the fact that his system can be seen as the accepted theory – and actually Rumford’s work did not change [...] became familiar with the work of Victor Regnault and Sadi Carnot. The latter had demon- strated that the work of a steam engine is depend- ing on the temperature difference, thus the work was not equivalent [...] responsi- ble for establishing his work, but also William Thomson, who later became Lord Kelvin. Yet, Joule himself did not start from scratch and par- ticularly referred to the work of Benjamin Thomp- son, Count

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• Rumford and calorics

his father died. In 1752, Georg was enrolled in the secondary school in Damstadt. Thanks to his hard work and creativity, he gained few prizes. Pastor’s family did not suffer from poverty, but they did not [...] outstanding teacher of young Georg was the physics and maths lecturer, Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, who worked also in the astronomical observatory in the university. The time of studies was not easy for Lichtenberg [...] planning to write his own textbook, but he never did that. Although, he had never published any bigger work in natural history with his name, he was considered as one of the most outstanding contemporary scholars

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• Lichtenberg and the electrophorus

have invented the device. However, it is unclear whether he had been familiar with Wilcke’s work or whether his work serves as an example of an independent development. The operations with the electrophorus [...] electrical charges. However, most researchers in the field of electricity remained ignorant of Wilcke’s work; and the electrophorus was particularly made known by the Italian Alessandro Volta (who is best known [...] other electrical phenomena) be explained with both conceptual ideas. However, another researcher worked with the electrophorus, and he seemingly made an observation that could be used as evidence for the

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• Lichtenberg and the electrophorus