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mathematical analyses of Brownian motion. In fact, Einstein’s article was one of the three famous papers in his annus mirabilis, the other two concerning the photoelectric effect and the special theory [...] PH], almost as incredible, he would say, as if a fif- teen-inch shell fired at a piece of tissue paper bounced back and hit the gunner. That the military imagery and the incredulity are later fabrications [...] Reflection of the α -Particles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 82(557), 495–500. Görs, B. (1999). Chemischer Atomismus:

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• Maria Skłodowska-Curie: discoverer of two radioactive elements
• Joliot-Curie and artificial radioactivity
• Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom
• Dalton and the atoms
• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass
• Democritus and the atoms

interpreted the experimental results in a famous paper, “The scattering of alpha and beta particles by matter and the structure of the atom.” In this paper Rutherford described and explained the experiments [...] that would be about the equivalent of shooting a 15-inch artillery shell against a target of tissue paper and having it bounce back towards the gunner!” Geiger laughed, “I hadn’t thought of it quite that [...] ki presented independently their mathematical analysis of Brownian mo- tion (actually Einstein’s paper was one of the three famous in his annum mirabilis, the other two dealt with the photoelectric effect

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• Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom

society, they would certainly publish his paper, even if there were not fully convinced. At the same time, he would also prepare a German version of the paper and submit it to the Annalen der Physik, the [...] that his claim would meet severe opposition. Therefore, he decided that he would not publish his paper in Paris, instead, he would send it to London to the Royal Society. As he was a member, and knew that [...] before – would other scientists believe his claim and abandon the material theory of heat? Rumford’s papers, both the German and the English one, were published in 1798. However, despite his efforts to establish

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• Rumford and calorics

Transactions of the Royal Society of London 140, 61-82. Reprinted in Joule JP (1884): The Scientific Papers. Joule, JP (1872). Das mechanische Wärmeäquivalent. Braun- schweig, Vieweg Kuhn, TS (1959): Energy

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• Rumford and calorics

principle of energy conservation. The paper Joule presented in 1843 was not paid much attention to in the scientific world. In the following years Joule presented several papers in which he described various different [...] these papers are noteworthy for completely differ- ent reasons. One was published in the Philosophi- cal Transactions of 1850, it was entitled "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". In this paper Joule [...] of this paper in the pres- tigious Philosophical Transactions can be seen as a strong indicator of the acceptance of Joule’s work by the British scientific community. The other important paper Joule presented

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• Rumford and calorics

form the basis of his new chemical theory, and he was going once again through the manuscript of the paper he was to deliver at the Royal Institution. Then, the coach finally arrived in London, and Dalton [...] ki presented independently their mathematical analysis of Brownian mo- tion (actually Einstein’s paper was one of the three famous in his annum mirabilis, the other two dealt with the photoelectric effect [...] , PH], almost as incredible, he would say, as if a fifteen-inch shell fired at a piece of tissue paper bounced back and hit the gunner. That the military imagery and the in- credulity are later fabrications

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• Dalton and the atoms

principle of energy conservation. The paper Joule presented in 1843 was not paid much attention to in the scientific world. In the following years Joule presented several papers in which he described various different [...] these papers are noteworthy for completely differ- ent reasons. One was published in the Philosophi- cal Transactions of 1850, it was entitled "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". In this paper Joule [...] of this paper in the pres- tigious Philosophical Transactions can be seen as a strong indicator of the acceptance of Joule’s work by the British scientific community. The other important paper Joule presented

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• The hard work of experimenting James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.
• Mouchot and the solar cooker
• Rumford and calorics

ki presented independently their mathematical analysis of Brownian mo- tion (actually Einstein’s paper was one of the three famous in his annum mirabilis, the other two dealt with the photoelectric effect [...] , PH], almost as incredible, he would say, as if a fifteen-inch shell fired at a piece of tissue paper bounced back and hit the gunner. That the military imagery and the in- credulity are later fabrications

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• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass

references of a meaningful and extensive change in the history of science. Acknowledgement: This paper benefitted from a visit in the Otto-von- Guericke Museum in Magdeburg in February 2013. References

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• Guericke and vacuum

references of a meaningful and extensive change in the history of science. Acknowledgement: This paper benefitted from a visit in the Otto-von- Guericke Museum in Magdeburg in February 2013. References

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• Guericke and vacuum