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the mechanical work and the heat is achieved, by the progress of science. 6. Locate, based on the papers were published by Joule, the prevailing scientific views about the heat. 7. Describe how the scientific

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• Scientific Partnership; James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.
• The hard work of experimenting James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.

principle of energy conservation. The paper Joule presented in 1843 was not paid much attention to in the scientific world. In the following years Joule presented several papers in which he described various different [...] these papers are noteworthy for completely differ- ent reasons. One was published in the Philosophi- cal Transactions of 1850, it was entitled "On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat". In this paper Joule [...] of this paper in the pres- tigious Philosophical Transactions can be seen as a strong indicator of the acceptance of Joule’s work by the British scientific community. The other important paper Joule presented

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• The hard work of experimenting James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.

me- tabolism” (Funk 1912, p. 341). Funk stated that all but one of the diseases covered in his 1912 paper could be cured simply by adding a new class of organic sub- stances, which he called vitamins (short

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• Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier and respiration

me- tabolism” (Funk 1912, p. 341). Funk stated that all but one of the diseases covered in his 1912 paper could be cured simply by adding a new class of organic sub- stances, which he called vitamins (short [...] listens and understands. - Yes, Sir! - Lind confirmed. He took out from his pocket a sheet of written paper and with enthusi- asm continued. – Due to which I have already mentioned, I will enrich their diet

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• Lind and scurvy

pre-selected or random teams of 2 to 4. 2. The teacher distributes to each team a sheet of poster paper or large sheet of newsprint with a unique heading and enough same-coloured pens for each member. Pen [...] instead of the Gallery Walk. 7. Students may be asked to write any questions that come to mind on paper. These questions may be grouped and summarized by the teacher in order to initiate a class discussion

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• Rumford and nutrition

me- tabolism” (Funk 1912, p. 341). Funk stated that all but one of the diseases covered in his 1912 paper could be cured simply by adding a new class of organic sub- stances, which he called vitamins (short

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• Eijkman and Beri-Beri
• Lind and scurvy
• Liebig and nutrition
• Rumford and nutrition
• Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier and respiration
• Dr. Andreas Junk
• Dr. Andreas Junk

corner, “Let me introduce myself: my name is Cornelis Winkler from Utrecht.” Eijkman put down his paper and stretched out his hand, “I am Christiaan Eijkman, lately of Am- sterdam, but before that from [...] me- tabolism” (Funk 1912, p. 341). Funk stated that all but one of the diseases covered in his 1912 paper could be cured simply by adding a new class of organic sub- stances, which he called vitamins (short [...] Primary Sources Eijkman, Christiaan: Polyneuritis in Chickens, or the Origin of Vitamin Research: Papers, Basel 1990. Funk, Casimir: The Etiology of the Deficiency Diseases. Beri-beri, Polyneuritis in Birds

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• Eijkman and Beri-Beri

listens and understands. - Yes, Sir! - Lind confirmed. He took out from his pocket a sheet of written paper and with enthusi- asm continued. – Due to which I have already mentioned, I will enrich their diet

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• Lind and scurvy

mathematical analyses of Brownian motion. In fact, Einstein’s article was one of the three famous papers in his annus mirabilis, the other two concerning the photoelectric effect and the special theory [...] PH], almost as incredible, he would say, as if a fif- teen-inch shell fired at a piece of tissue paper bounced back and hit the gunner. That the military imagery and the incredulity are later fabrications [...] Reflection of the α -Particles. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, 82(557), 495–500. Görs, B. (1999). Chemischer Atomismus:

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• Maria Skłodowska-Curie: discoverer of two radioactive elements
• Joliot-Curie and artificial radioactivity
• Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom
• Dalton and the atoms
• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass
• Democritus and the atoms

interpreted the experimental results in a famous paper, “The scattering of alpha and beta particles by matter and the structure of the atom.” In this paper Rutherford described and explained the experiments [...] that would be about the equivalent of shooting a 15-inch artillery shell against a target of tissue paper and having it bounce back towards the gunner!” Geiger laughed, “I hadn’t thought of it quite that [...] ki presented independently their mathematical analysis of Brownian mo- tion (actually Einstein’s paper was one of the three famous in his annum mirabilis, the other two dealt with the photoelectric effect

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• Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom