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of matter (Müller 2004). Particularly the analysis of cathode rays appeared to be very promising; among the researchers working in this field was J.J. Thomson. Thomson analyzed these cathode rays and [...] experiments in which he used different cathode materials to emit the rays (which were basically emitted by heating up the cathode, the rays were then accelerated with an electric field). Thomson could show [...] effects certainly existed due to Röntgen’s demonstration of the X-rays) opened a new field. Yet, this field was not entered immediately by Becquerel himself or other scientists, but the rays emitted from

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• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass

major issue, and became expanded towards analyzing also cathode rays and their interaction with gases that

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• Dalton and the atoms

if I put a mirror on the out- side to reflect more of the sun’s rays onto the ab- sorber? That way I could make the device smaller.” Soon, Augustin had completed the construc- tion of his first solar [...] rious mathematical name of “frustocone,” that focused the sun’s rays along a line on its axis where a narrow cylindrical heat absorber, which contained the steam generator, was located. The device was [...] generator to drive an ice-making machine, using the hot sun’s rays to produce a block of ice. The people at the fair marvelled at the phenomenon—producing ice from heat! The jury of the Fair was so

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• Mouchot and the solar cooker

with her mother in military hospitals where they operated the X-ray ma- chines, an innovation to surgery that saved a lot of lives of wounded soldiers. At the same time Irene started to study at the

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• Joliot-Curie and artificial radioactivity

major issue, and became expanded towards analyzing also cathode rays and their interaction with gases that are filled into the tubes. In doing so, exper- imentalists had hoped to develop a further un- [...] of matter (Müller 2004). Particularly the analysis of cathode rays appeared to be very promising; among the researchers working in this field was J.J. Thomson. Thomson analyzed these cathode rays and [...] experiments in which he used different cathode materials to emit the rays (which were basically emitted by heating up the cathode, the rays were then accelerated with an electric field). Thomson could show

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• Joliot-Curie and artificial radioactivity

est intensity beyond the red part of the spectrum. 1 These ‘new rays’ became an issue of investiga- tion for several researchers, most namely John Leslie who published in 1804 a monograph deal- ing with [...] , W. (1800). Experiments on the Refrangibility of the invisible Rays of the Sun. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 90, 284-292. Joule JP (1850): On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat.

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• Scientific Partnership; James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.

Atom. London: Priory Press Limited. Niaz, M. (1998). From cathode rays to alpha particles to quantum of action: A rational reconstruction of structure of the atom and its implications for chemistry

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• Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom

est intensity beyond the red part of the spectrum. 1 These ‘new rays’ became an issue of investiga- tion for several researchers, most namely John Leslie who published in 1804 a monograph deal- ing with [...] , W. (1800). Experiments on the Refrangibility of the invisible Rays of the Sun. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 90, 284-292. Joule JP (1850): On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat.

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• The hard work of experimenting James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.

of matter (Müller 2004). Particularly, the analysis of cathode rays appeared to be promising. Among the researchers working in this field was J. J. Thomson. He analyzed cathode rays and established [...] effects certainly existed due to Röntgen’s demonstration of X-rays. His discov- ery opened a new scientific field, which was not entered immediately by him or other scientists since the rays emitted [...] seemingly did not exist on Earth. That α-rays were positive particles while the β- rays were negatively-charged electrons meant that not only could the negative substance be

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• Maria Skłodowska-Curie: discoverer of two radioactive elements
• Joliot-Curie and artificial radioactivity
• Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom
• Dalton and the atoms
• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass
• Democritus and the atoms

and the Rutherford’s atomic model. 3. Design the courses of the a rays in the J.J. Thompson’s atomic model and the Rutherford’s atomic model. 4. Locate the differences between the J.J. Thompson’s atomic

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• Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom