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happened. James Lind con- ducted the first controlled clinical test (medical research), and published his findings in 1753 (A Treatise of the Scurvy - The Treaty of scurvy). Unfortunately, this work

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• Lind and scurvy

to scientific explanation, clarification, hypothesizing, and testing. Concept clari- fication questions are explanation and clarification type questions. At a slightly higher level, concept elaboration [...] it had 100 blades that were small? ii. Hypothesis or prediction testing Question prototype: If (condition)… then? Example: If you had the perfect wind-catching angle with 3 blades, would you produce more

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• Rumford and nutrition

years of experimentation with animals, Eijkman needed some way to test his hypothesis with human cases. Since outbreaks of beriberi were preva- lent in prisons, he chose this confined environment for his

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• Eijkman and Beri-Beri

that illustrates how metabolism is linked with respiration. A test person was employed in the experiment to inhale atmospheric air by means of a full- face mask during the experiment. The mask was [...] delight! Actually, they implemented the experi- ment using the same test -person and experi- mental devices, but varying the circumstances that the person was subjected to. Firstly the person was at rest,

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• Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier and respiration

pressures and multiple proportions. He also carried out numerous tests on gas absorption in liquids and thermal expansion of gases, and de- scribed the condition known as daltonism. He regularly observed

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• Dalton and the atoms
• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass

, «common red precipitate of mercury» can be conducted. When the test tube is heated gas is produced and is collected in the cylinder by displacing the water the level of which goes down in the inverted

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• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass

would best be used in tropical regions, where we should go to test the device in practical situations.” A logical testing location for Augustin was Al- geria, a French colony in the tropics, conquered [...] government grant of 10,000 francs. In Algeria, he invented and tested many ver- sions of his solar energy devices for many different useful purposes. Perfecting his solar cooker proved strategic for

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• Mouchot and the solar cooker

of the Holy Roman Empire. Thompson’s first experiment involved testing dif- ferent types of material to determine how well they conduct heat. To do so, he placed the material he wished to test around [...] ingredients, such as potatoes and barley, he began a long series of tests with farm animals to see which combinations of ingredients kept the ani- mals healthiest with the lowest costs. Eventually, every

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• Rumford and nutrition
• Rumford and calorics

” or a “Dispu- tation”. The difference is that a “Rigorosum” tests you not only on the subject of your thesis, but also on your knowledge of other relevant aspects of your field. By contrast, the “ [...] federal state and the doctoral degree regulations, an aptitude test or proof of specific academic achieve- ments or exam grades may be additionally required. In other words, by acquiring a recognised [...] by taking a TestDaF exam or obtaining a certificate from the Goethe-Institut. If you are going to write your thesis in English, it will depend on the

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• Doctoral and Early-Career Researchers

an academic paper. Therefore, you work on a research question, test a hypothesis with a certain research method, or argue for a thesis. In general, a paper consists of three parts: an introduction,

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• Academic Writing Guide
• Enrolled Students