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histories of Africa, notably South Africa. This is a painful story but also one that pulses with energy— the energy of the actors and thinkers that have guided Mbembe through this cartography, whose ideas in [...] slaves to the historical development of South Amer i ca has been, if not erased, at least severely obscured.21 The case of Haiti was crucial from this standpoint. The country’s dec- laration of in de pen [...] in the country of their birth, the Blacks of the United States belonged to an American “we,” to a subculture that was at once fundamentally American and lumpen- Atlantic. This led to the develop- ment of