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t of the atomic theory because the original works of Leucippus and Democritus were lost and are known only through Aristotle’s criticism. Aristotle’s works were kept and expanded in the Is- lamic culture [...] cide in September of 1906. The atom gets a substructure Even before Einstein’s and Smoluchowski’s work helped to establish a consensus about the accuracy of the atomic description of matter, some researchers [...] actually contradicted the initial understanding of the atom as being indivisi- ble. In fact, Faraday’s work on electrolysis from the 1830s could have raised questions about the fundamen- tal and indivisible

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• Maria Skłodowska-Curie: discoverer of two radioactive elements
• Joliot-Curie and artificial radioactivity
• Rutherford’s Nuclear Atom
• Dalton and the atoms
• Lavoisier and the conservation of mass
• Democritus and the atoms

have invented the device. However, it is unclear whether he had been familiar with Wilcke’s work or whether his work serves as an example of an independent development. The operations with the electrophorus [...] electrical charges. However, most researchers in the field of electricity remained ignorant of Wilcke’s work; and the electrophorus was particularly made known by the Italian Alessandro Volta (who is best known [...] other electrical phenomena) be explained with both conceptual ideas. However, another researcher worked with the electrophorus, and he seemingly made an observation that could be used as evidence for the

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• Lichtenberg and the electrophorus

a job working as a geolo- gist in the Alsace-Lorraine. On May 18, 1768, at the age of twenty-four, he was chosen to become a member of French Academy of Science. In the following year, he worked on the [...] servation of mass and discovered that hydrogen, in combination with ox- ygen, produces water. His work was characterized by organizational skills, abundance of good ideas, universality, and modernism. [...] acquired a license to run a solicitor practice. It was likely due to his studies in Law that his works were so well written, with their meanings always easily comprehensible, clear, well-defined, and fully

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• Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier and respiration

Rumford’s work with re- spect to energy conservation, the importance of Lavoisier's work lies not in the fact that his system can be seen as the accepted theory – and actually Rumford’s work did not change [...] became familiar with the work of Victor Regnault and Sadi Carnot. The latter had demon- strated that the work of a steam engine is depend- ing on the temperature difference, thus the work was not equivalent [...] responsi- ble for establishing his work, but also William Thomson, who later became Lord Kelvin. Yet, Joule himself did not start from scratch and par- ticularly referred to the work of Benjamin Thomp- son, Count

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• The hard work of experimenting James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.
• Mouchot and the solar cooker
• Rumford and calorics

any reference to Meyer’s work. Yet, it turned out that this was not Mendeleev’s first publication of his under- standing, he had already published a descrip- tion of his work in March 1869 in a Russian [...] not be considered as a classification. Yet, there is another aspect which is crucial in Lavoisier’s work with re- spect to the development of the Periodic Table: he analyzed chemical reactions quantitatively; [...] growing number of chemi- cal elements was the British John Alexander Reina Newlands who published his work also in the 1860ies. Newlands observed that “ ‘If the elements are arranged in order of their equiva-

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• Mendeleev and the Periodic System

with a salaried position at the level of Lieutenant Colonel in the British army, which involved no work. He used his leisure time to pursue scientific experiments for the military. Over the next few years [...] cost-effective and nutritious soup to feed the mili- tary and the workers in the clothing-production work- house. Using low-cost ingredients, such as potatoes and barley, he began a long series of tests with [...] evident in every recipe, re- cording the cooking time, ingredient preparation, and utensils used. His work was some of the first in the sci- ence of nutrition, and Rumford Soup became famous throughout Europe

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• Rumford and calorics
• Rumford and nutrition

Broom- hill, Pendlebury, by tutors till he was about fifteen years of age. At fifteen he commenced working in the brewery, which, as his father's health declined, fell entirely into the hands of his brother [...] of his father’s home. His earliest experiments explored the relationships between electricity and work. In 1840, at the age of 22, he established that a conductor carrying an elec- tric current became [...] to each other what good can come out of a town where they dine in the middle of the day?” Joule’s work was so impressive that his provincial origins were forgiven, and by the late 1840’s he was regularly

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• The hard work of experimenting James Prescott Joule, William Thomson, and the mechanical equivalent of heat.

radioactivity. She worked out the equipment used to measure the radioactivity in the substances used in farming, and in 1924, together with Catherine Chamie, she published the work on radioactive decay [...] decay constant of radon. While assisting her mother, and even replacing her in working in the Institute, Irene took up the research on the alpha particles emitted by the polonium – the element discovered by [...] way in the absorbent (air or different gases). In the following years, Irene still referred in her works to the number of ions appearing in the air under the effect of the element radium C radioactivity

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• Joliot-Curie and artificial radioactivity

when Magdeburg was taken over by Swedish people, he came back to his homecity, where he started to work in the city’s administration. During the following ten years, he was involved in rebuilding the city [...] physics professor in the Jesuit College in Würzburg, Jesuit Gaspar Schott. In 1657, Schott published the work entitled Mechanica hydraulico- pneumatica, in which one of the chapters was devoted to describe all [...] electrostatic generator, with the sulphur sphere as the basic element. In 1672, in Amsterdam, the work of Guericke’s life entitled Experimenta nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de vacuo spatio was published

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• Guericke and vacuum

his father died. In 1752, Georg was enrolled in the secondary school in Damstadt. Thanks to his hard work and creativity, he gained few prizes. Pastor’s family did not suffer from poverty, but they did not [...] outstanding teacher of young Georg was the physics and maths lecturer, Abraham Gotthelf Kästner, who worked also in the astronomical observatory in the university. The time of studies was not easy for Lichtenberg [...] planning to write his own textbook, but he never did that. Although, he had never published any bigger work in natural history with his name, he was considered as one of the most outstanding contemporary scholars

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• Lichtenberg and the electrophorus